In the present study, the main purpose is the Qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by Qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic Analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme Analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a Qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The Analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence and division among political currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer Analysis, which is one of the Qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

مقدمه: آشنایی ناکافی با رویکرد پژوهش های کیفی و کمی، باعث استفاده نابجا از آنها شده است. معرفی کامل جنبه های مختلف این دو رویکرد به بر طرف شدن ابهامات موجود در مورد آنها کمک نموده و نقش موثری در به کارگیری آنها دارد. بدین منظور این مقاله با هدف اصلی مقایسه ویژگی های مطالعات کیفی وکمی از جنبه های گوناگون به خصوص از نظر روش تحلیل اطلاعات در سال 1383 انجام گرفت.مواد و روش: برای رسیدن به هدف این پژوهش اطلاعات با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، اینترنتی و مکاتبه با انجمن های پژوهشی جمع آوری و سپس مقالات و مطالبی که با موضوع ارتباط بیشتری داشتند، انتخاب و مطالب آنها استخراج شد.مرور بر مطالعات: پژوهش کیفی نظیر پژوهش کمی یک روش منظم بررسی است. در این نوع تحقیقات، اطلاعات بصورت شرح و توصیف پدیده ها ارایه می شود، گر چه امکان دارد در مواردی نظیر پژوهش کمی از اعداد و ارقام نیز استفاده شود. از طرفی هدف عمده تحقیقات کیفی توصیف پدیده، تدوین فرضیه و ایجاد نظریه است در حالیکه پژوهش های کمی به دنبال آزمون فرضیه هستند تا ارتباط بین متغیرهای خاص را توضیح بدهند. تحلیل اطلاعات کیفی بیشتر روش استقرایی بوده در صورتیکه پژوهشگران کمی از تحلیل قیاسی بهره می جویند.بحث و نتیجه گیری: از آنجا که تحقیقات کیفی از نظر موضوع مورد مطالعه، اهداف و کاربردها، تکنیک های جمع آوری اطلاعات، تعداد نمونه ها، روش نمونه گیری و بخصوص چگونگی تحلیل داده ها با تحقیقات کمی متفاوت هستند، معرفی و آموزش تحقیقات کیفی برای همه پژوهشگران و به ویژه دانشجویان مقطع دکترای تخصصی و رزیدنت ها توصیه می شود.

زمینه و هدف: عدم آشنایی کافی با رویکرد پژوهشهای کیفی و کمی، باعث استفاده نابه جا از آنها شده است. معرفی کامل جنبه‏های مختلف این دو رویکرد به برطرف شدن ابهامات موجود در مورد آنها کمک می نماید و نقش مؤثری در بکارگیری آنها دارد؛ مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه ویژگیهای مطالعات کیفی و کمی از جنبه‏های گوناگون بخصوص از نظر روش تحلیل اطلاعات انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این تحقیق، اطلاعات با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‏ای، اینترنتی و مکاتبه با انجمنهای پژوهشی جمع‏آوری و سپس مقالات و مطالبی که با موضوع ارتباط بیشتری داشتند، انتخاب و مطالب آنها استخراج شد. یافته ها: پژوهش کیفی نظیر پژوهش کمی یک روش منظم بررسی است. در این نوع تحقیقات، اطلاعات به صورت شرح و توصیف پدیده‏ها ارائه می‏شوند؛ گر چه امکان دارد در مواردی نظیر پژوهش کمّی از اعداد و ارقام نیز استفاده شود. از طرفی هدف عمده تحقیقات کیفی توصیف پدیده، تدوین فرضیه و ایجاد نظریه است؛ در حالی که پژوهشهای کمّی به دنبال آزمون فرضیه هستند تا ارتباط بین متغیرهای خاص را توضیح دهند. تحلیل اطلاعات کیفی بیشتر روش استقرایی است؛ در صورتی که پژوهشگران کمّی از تحلیل قیاسی بهره می‏جویند. نتیجه‏گیری: از آنجا که تحقیقات کیفی از نظر موضوع مورد مطالعه، اهداف و کاربردها، تکنیک های جمع‏آوری اطلاعات، تعداد نمونه‏ها، روش نمونه‏گیری و بخصوص چگونگی تحلیل داده‏ها با تحقیقات کمی متفاوت هستند، معرفی و آموزش تحقیقات کیفی برای همه پژوهشگران و بویژه دانشجویان مقطع دکترای تخصصی و دستیاران تخصصی توصیه می‏شود.

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